Does this sound like a reasonable plan? After backing up all files and booting to a Live CD: (1) mount /dev/sda and /dev/sdb (2) Remove /boot directory from / partition on both sda and sdb (3) Install grub in /boot parttions on both drives. (4) mount /boot partitons of both sda and sdb (5) copy known-working kernel and two newest installed kernels to /boot partition from backup media (formerly in /boot of / partition) (6) make sure /boot partition is mounted in fstab (7) /boot partition should also be in the RAID1 Does that sound like it would fix it? Any ideas? More info below, if you're interested. ;-) I think my problem is related to this: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3623/installing-grub-2-on-mdadm-which-device?rq=1 I'm pretty sure I installed grub on only one of the two drives. Then I didn't mount the /boot (I don't even know how to do that!). So now I have Ubuntu installed so that there is a /boot directory in the / partition, and there is a /boot partition. The / partition (and thus /boot *directory*) is in the RAID1, but the /boot partition is not in the RAID1. /dev/sda and /dev/sdb are identical and both show this with parted -l: Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/4096B Partition Table: gpt Number Start End Size File system Name Flags 1 10.5MB 220MB 210MB /boot bios_grub 2 220MB 34.6GB 34.4GB swap raid 3 34.6GB 3000GB 2966GB / raid df doesn't show a /boot partition... Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/md1 ext4 3.0T 296G 2.6T 11% / udev devtmpfs 8.4G 13k 8.4G 1% /dev tmpfs tmpfs 3.4G 902k 3.4G 1% /run none tmpfs 5.3M 0 5.3M 0% /run/lock none tmpfs 8.4G 29M 8.4G 1% /run/shm /dev/sde1 fuseblk 1.6T 947G 554G 64% /media/New Volume /dev/sdd1 fuseblk 2.1T 319G 1.7T 16% /media/HD-CLU2 ...and the /boot *directory* in / is already using about 50% more space than /boot partition would allow: $ du -sm /boot 341 /boot $ df -HT /boot Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/md1 ext4 3.0T 296G 2.6T 11% / $ \ls -1v /boot | cut -d'-' -f-2 | uniq -c 15 System.map-3.2.0 15 abi-3.2.0 15 config-3.2.0 1 grub 15 initrd.img-3.2.0 1 memtest86+.bin 1 memtest86+_multiboot.bin 15 vmlinuz-3.2.0 So it looks like Ubuntu updates have installed 15 kernels in the /boot directory in /. The big files are the ones beginning with initrd.img at about 14.6 MB apiece. The grub directory takes up only 5 MB. Best, Mike